Overview of deflagration and detonation prevention and. Designed for chemical engineers and other technical personnel involved in the design, operation, and maintenance of facilities and equipment where deflagration and detonation flame arresters ddfas. They are static flame arrester measurable type to be thereby charcterised by that the quenching gaps of the flame arrester element can be technically drawn, measured and controlled. It is known that the porous flamearresters are based on the concept of critical diameter. You can buy the book at uk and most good bookshops. Endofline deflagration flame arresters elmac technologies. What is a detonation and what is a deflagration in. Deflagration and detonation flame arrester paperback january 1, 2009 by aiche author see all formats and editions hide other formats and editions. Deflagration and detonation flame arresters, by stanley s.
Here a flame arrestor should be mounted on the open vent of the tank to guard. Grossel is the author of deflagration and detonation flame arresters 0. What is a detonation and what is a deflagration in terms. There are two types of liquid product detonation flame arrester for. This deflagration to detonation is difficult to predict but occurs most often when eddy currents or other turbulence are present in the flames. Overdriven detonation is a short lived phenomenon and usually occurs as the flame front is transitioning from a high speed deflagration to a. Deflagration and detonation arresters ebook, 2002 worldcat. Protect your process with the proper flame arresters p figure 1. Flame arresters, detonation arresters, breather vents, and. In short, the deflagration flame arrester is designed to stop the initial phase of the explosion and is shorter and lighter than the unstable detonation arrestor, but the deflagration flame arrester has restrictions on its placement within the pipework regarding distance from. At flame velocities near the speed of sound, the energy released is in the form of pressure and the results resemble a detonation. A flame arrester also called a deflagration arrester functions by absorbing the heat from a flame front traveling at subsonic velocities, thus dropping the burning gasair mixture below its autoignition temperature. Deflagration and detonation flame arresters stanley s.
Safety protect your process with the proper flame arresters. Flame arresters and detonation arresters are passive mechanical devices that are mounted to threaded or flanged connections on a tank or in a process piping system. Deflagration and detonation flame arresters wiley online. Designed for chemical engineers and other technical personnel involved in the design, operation, and maintenance of facilities and equipment where deflagration and detonation flame arresters ddfas may be required, this book fosters effective application and operation of. Deflagration and detonation flame arresters wiley online books. Flame arresters may also be known as deflagration arresters. A flash back from an incinerator to a reactor vessel during. Such engines typically employ a shchelkin spiral in the combustion chamber to facilitate the deflagration to detonation transition the mechanism has also found military use. Feb 26, 2018 protego operates the worlds largest research centre for the experimental study of flame arresters. Combustion burning is a process by which energy is released. Flame arresters also stop a potentially explosive gas mixture from igniting in the first place. Some authors use the term flash fire to describe these lowspeed deflagrations. Try our industry leading endofline deflagration flame arresters acting as a fire trap in even that harshest of industry conditions. Grossel and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now.
Flame arresters and detonation arresters are passive, mechanical device installed on a storage tank nozzle or in a flammable vapor piping system. Deflagration and detonation flame arresters fosters effective application and operation of ddfas through treatment of their principles of operation, selection, installation, and maintenance methods. Detonation arrestors and deflagration flame arrestors. Policy on stable detonation flame arresters detonation arresters guidance notes because unstable detonation arresters are designed and tested under the worst case conditions that any arrester is likely to experience for a given gasgroup and initial pressure, the physical location of a device within a piping system relative to the ignition. Inline deflagration test, the flame arrester reliably. The flame front of a deflagration moves at less than the speed of sound in the material. If the explosion moves outward at supersonic speeds faster than the speed of sound, its a detonation. A special study 49 was commissioned by the api entitled mitigation of explosion hazards of marine vapor control systems. Installing a flame arrestor where, in fact, a detonation arrestor is required can have disastrous consequences. The problems of porous flamearresters springerlink. Designed for chemical engineers and other technical personnel involved in the design, operation, and maintenance of facilities and equipment where deflagration and detonation flame arresters ddfas may be required, this book fosters effective application and operation of ddfas through treatment. Deflagration and detonation flame arresters ebook, 2002. Inline deflagration test, the flame arrester reliably stops.
Between these extremes, both heat and pressure are. Our portfolio includes inline, free vent, deflagration and detonation flame arrestors. Stabilized burning is an even, steady flame that is stabilized at or near the flame arrester element. It includes an introduction to deflagration and detona. Designed for chemical engineers and other technical personnel involved in the design, operation, and maintenance of facilities and equipment where deflagration and detonation flame arresters ddfas may be required, this book fosters effective application and operation of ddfas through treatment of their principles of operation. A prevolume deflagration takes place within a confined volume. Deflagration and detonation flame arrester technology. The phenomenon is exploited in pulse detonation engines, because a detonation produces a more efficient combustion of the reactants than a deflagration does, i. Connection sizes range from 34 inch up to 36 inches. Difference between deflagration and detonation flame. Introduction this chapter presents an overview of the various practices used in the chemical process industries to prevent and protect against deflagrations and detonations.
If explosive vapour or gas mixtures are ignited in a pipe, a deflagration can develop into a stable detonation if the pipe work and runup length are appropriate. Most fires found in daily life, from flames to explosions such as that of black powder, are deflagrations. A detonation flame arrester also spelled arrestor is a device fitted to the opening of an enclosure or to the connecting pipe work of a system of enclosures and whose intended function is to allow flow but prevent the transmission of flame propagating at supersonic velocity detonation flame arrester products were created in response to environmental regulations such as the clean. Refer to api safety data 2210, flame arrestors for tank vents.
Detonation flame arresters, arrestors barton firtop eng co. Flame arresters designed to prevent the transmission of a deflagration fitted with two pipe connections one on each side of the flame arrester element. Deflagration and detonation flame arrester technology installation in process systems regulations, codes, and standards illustrative examples, calculations, and guidelines for dda selection appendices, including a glossary, a flame arrester specification sheet for vendor quotation, and a listing of flame arrester manufacturers. For detonation flame arresters fm will accept tests that are done in accor191 appendix.
We have been testing all types of flame arresters here for over 50 years. Understanding and specifying flame and detonation arresters. Deflagration and detonation flame arresters edition 1 by. Overview of deflagration and detonation prevention and protection practices 3. Deflagration to detonation transition in some situations, a subsonic flame may accelerate into a supersonic flame. Jan 05, 2002 appendices, including a glossary, a flame arrester specification sheet for vendor quotation, and a listing of flame arrester manufacturers. Flame arrester specification sheet for manufacturer quotation. Health and safety executive flame arresters preventing the spread of fires and explosions in equipment that contains flammable gases and vapours flame arresters preventing the spread of fires and explosions in equipment that contains flammable gases and vapours this is a freetodownload, webfriendly version of hsg158 first edition, published. Kop deflagration and detonation flame arresters av stanley s grossel pa. In short, the deflagration flame arrester is designed to stop the initial phase of the explosion and is shorter and lighter than the unstable detonation arrestor, but the deflagration flame arrester has restrictions on its placement within the pipework regarding distance from the source of ignition. The report examines the effects of deflagrations and detonations in pipes in the region of detonation flame arrestors. They apply to materials that contain both the fuel and oxidizer that react when initiated. Deflagration and detonation flame arresters general.
If the combustion process propagates outward at subsonic speeds slower than the speed of sound, its a deflagration. Detonation flame arresters, arrestors barton firtop eng. Deflagration to detonation transition ddt refers to a phenomenon in ignitable mixtures of a flammable gas and air or oxygen when a sudden transition takes place from a deflagration type of combustion to a detonation type of explosion. Deflagration and detonation are terms used in the explosives world. The diference between deflagration and detonation flame arresters flame arresters are mechanical safety devices that prevent a fire flame travelling from one part of a site to another and prevent a flame entering a vessel and igniting vapour. The point to be made here is that although an arrester can be effective in the early stages of flame acceleration, siting is critical since there is a danger that in the later stages of a detonation it may act rather as a. Deflagration and detonation are two ways energy may be released. This book provides guidance on how flame arresters can help prevent the spread of fires. The flame propagation velocity is less than 100 meters per second usually much lower, and the overpressure is less than 0. Part of the nato science series book series asdt, volume 26. The resultant force of such an detonation is tremendous. Grossel is the author of deflagration and detonation flame arresters, published by wiley.
They will also observe and approve tests done at a flame arrester manufacturers own test facility for both deflagration and detonation type flame arresters. The heat is absorbed through channels passages designed into an element. Using the correct type for your application is critical. Its need was initially driven by new environmental legislation, namely the clean air act of the usa. The first patented detonation flame arrester was developed by nicholas roussakis et al.
Designed for chemical engineers and other technical personnel involved in the design, operation, and maintenance of facilities and equipment where deflagration and detonation flame arresters ddfas may be required, this book fosters effective application and operation of ddfas through treatment of their principles of operation, selection. Deflagration and detonation flame arresters ebok grossel. Deflagration and detonation flame arresters by stanley s. A deflagration flame arrester can be used on the top of a tank or as an inline safety device where combustible gases are transported through low pressure pipe lines. Everyday fire and most controlled explosions are examples of deflagration. Two basic methods are the use of flame arresters and flame inhibitors. Deflagration flame arresters are used to protect stored or process media from deflagrations. Deflagration and detonation flame arresters pdf free download. An atmospheric deflagration occurs in the open air.
Sep 27, 2016 deflagration and detonation are terms used in the explosives world. Center for chemical process safety of the american institute of chemical engineers 3 park avenue, new york, new york i001 65991. You may be unsure whether you need a deflagration or detonation flame arrester, this brief guide to explosion characteristics is designed to. The report examines the effects of deflagrations and detonations in pipes in the. An arrester consists of a housing and an arrester element. Overview of combustion and flame propagation phenomena related to ddas. Flame arrestor design standards search engineering360.
Under such circumstances the detonation becomes unstable and achieves much higher. In normal operation, vapors in the pipe are directed through the arrester. An empirical correlation for designing flashback arresters is given by ref. Deflagration and detonation flame arresters fosters effective application and operation of ddfas through treatment of their principles of operation, selection, installation, and maintenance methods deflagration and detonation flame arresters covers a broad range of issues concerning ddas, including. When flame velocities are low, the effect of a deflagration is to release heat. These are also installed on the vent nozzles of atmospheric pressure tanks and vessels, and have a short length of pipe attached to them to direct the. Regular flame arresters had been around for years, but they had very limited applications. Detonation arresters are more robust than flame arresters and limit the spread of an explosion.
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